The Chemistry of Carbon Compounds

  Chemistry of carbon compound: Carbon plays a very important role for all living beings. The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03% in the form of carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon in the earth's crust is merely 0.02% which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, coal, and petroleum. Compounds of Carbon: Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of electricity. The diamond and graphite both  are formed by carbon atoms; however,  the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another. In a diamond, each atom of the carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms and forms a rigid 3-dimensional structure.  In graphite, each atom of the carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array. There is a difference in some physical structures of diamond and graphite. Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is a smooth...

CHEMISTRY is the science and study of matter, including its properties, composition as well as reactivity. Chemistry relates to everything that can be sensed from the minutes elements to complex structures. The atom and molecules are the Basic units or components of chemistry. Atom: All matter consists of particles known as an atom. Atoms bond to each other to form elements, which contain only one kind of atom. Atoms of different elements form compounds, molecules, and objects. Model of the atom: An atom is a building block of matter that can not be broken apart using any chemical means. The 3 parts of the atoms are protons (positively charged), neutrons (neutral charged), and electrons (negatively charged). Proton and neutron form the NUCLEUS . Electrons are attracted to the protons in the nucleus but are moving quickly they fall toward orbit rather than stick to protons. The identity of an atom is determined by it's no. of protons. This is also called its atomic number. PARTS OF ...

Alkanes are the simplest and the least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogen. They are commercially very important, for being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils are extensively employed in organic chemistry. In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3 hybridized with sigma bonds (either C-C or C-H), and each H-atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms ( in a C-H bond). The longest series of linked carbon atom in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton/ carbon backbone. The no. of carbon atom. The no.of carbon atoms may be considered as the size of alkane.  Methane: Methane (one carbon bonded to four hydrogens) is the simplest organic molecule. Methane The bonds point to the four corners of the tetrahedron, forming a 108.70-degree bond angle. The carbon atom and the hydrogen atoms within alkanes are connected by single covalent bonds. The number of carbon atoms within an alkane is the main determiner of an alkane.  Alkanes are a ...

  1.Hydrocarbon: A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen. 2.Functional group: The part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical properties. 3.Aliphatic (Hydrocarbon): Carbon atom joined together in a straight or branched chain. 4.Alicyclic (Hydrocarbon): Carbon atom joined together in a ring (cyclic) structure. 5.Aromatic (Hydrocarbon): Some/ all of the carbon atoms are found in the benzene ring. 6.Molecular formula: The number and type of atom of each element present in a molecule. 7.Empirical formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. 8.Displayed formula: Shows the relative positioning of atoms in a molecule and the bond between them. 9.Structural formula: Shows the arrangement of atom in a molecule. 10.Structural isomer: A compound with the same molecular formula, but different structural formula.  11.Homolytic fission: When a covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons ...

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is related to chemical science involving in the construction of specific chemical compounds from simple compounds. The process permits the synthesis of naturally occurring compounds with an actual structure or once needed with structural variations to enhance desired characteristics. Synthetic Organic Compounds   Synthetic organic compounds are another class of man-made contaminants that may be present in groundwater. Collectively, this group includes herbicides, pesticides, and other chemicals that come from agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, or industrial activities. Stereoselective synthesis  Most complex natural products are chiral, and the bioactivity of chiral molecules varies with the enantiomer. Historically, total synthesis targeted racemic mixtures, a mixture of both possible enantiomers, after which the racemic mixture might then be separated via chiral resolution. In the latter half of the twentieth century, chemists began to dev...

CHROMATOGRAPHY is the technique for the separation, purification, and testing of compounds. The term "chromatography" is derived from Greek, chroma meaning, "color", and graphein meaning " to write". In this process, we use the mixture to be separated on a stationary phase (solid or liquid) and a pure solvent such as water or any gas is allowed to move slowly over the stationary phase, carrying the components separately as per their solubility in the pure solvent.  Principles of Chromatography chromatography is a separation method where the analyte is combined within a liquid or gaseous mobile phase, which is pumped through a stationary phase. Usually, one phase is a hydrophilic and the other lipophilic. The component of the analyte interacts differently with these two phases. Depending on their polarity they spend more or less time interacting with the stationary and are thus retarded to a greater or lesser extent. This leads to a separation of the differ...