The Chemistry of Carbon Compounds

Structure and bonding in metals: Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. The electrons from the outer shell of the metal atoms are delocalised and are free to move through the whole structure. This sharing of Delocalised electrons results in a strong metallic bond. Metallic bond:  Metallic bonds formed when the charge is spread over a large distance as compared to the size of a single item in a solids. Mostly in the periodic table, left elements form metallic bonds, for example zinc and copper. Because metals are solid, their atoms are tightly packed in a regular arrangement. They are so close to each other so valence electrons can be moved away from their atoms. A sea of free, Delocalised electron is formed surrounding a lattice of positively charged metal ions.These ions are held by strong attractive forces to mobile electrons,in this way, metallic bonds are formed. Structure of metals: The three most common crystalline structures in metals are face

Allotropy -  some elements occur in nature more than one form. The chemical properties of these different forms are the same but their physical properties are different. This property of the elements is called allotropy.  Allotropes of carbon : The element carbon is available abundantly in nature and occurs in free as well as in a combined state.  1. Symbol of carbon-C 2. Atomic number -6 3. Atomic mass -12 4. Electron configuration- 2,4 5. Valency -4 6. Non-metallic element Compounds obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals are called organic compounds and compounds obtained from minerals are called inorgani uuc compounds. All the organic compounds contain carbon. Carbon is the main element even in cellular DNA and RNA that transfer hidden characteristics from one generation to the next. Occurrence of carbon - The name carbon is derived from the Latin word 'carbo' meaning coal. Carbon is found in nature in a free as well as compound state carbon in t

Source: Internet Earth was born about 4.5 billion years ago. Various formative processes have been taking in the core of the earth and it's surroundings  since its creation today. These have resulted in the formation of various ores, liquids and gases.  Physical properties of metals: Metal exist mainly in solid state. The metals namely, Mercury and gallium exist in liquid state at room temperature. Metals posses luster. The metallic luster goes on decreasing due to exposure to atmospheric oxygen and moisture and also in presence of some reactive gases. We know that metals have the properties namely, ductility and malleability. Similarly, all metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Generally, all metals are hard. However, the alkali metal from group 1 such as lithium, sodium and potassium are exceptions. These metals can be cut with knife as they are very soft. Metals have high melting and boiling points. For example, tungsten metal has the highest melting point (3422°C

 Introduction: Polymers are macromolecules having high molecular weights and are composed of smaller repeating units called monomers.  The term polymer is derived from the Greek root 'poly' means 'many' and 'meros' means 'parts'.  Monomers are small and simple molecules and have the capacity of forming two chemical bonds with two other monomers. The functionality of monomers depends upon the number of bonding sites in monomers.  DNA in a human body, proteins, muscles, nerve fibers, nails, hairs, etc. are all polymers. Carbohydrates have important functions in biological systems. The toys of our children are plastic polymers. Classification: There are various ways to classify polymers based on source, structure, mode of forming, molecular forces, etc. classification based on source: Polymers are classified into three subclasses as given below, Natural polymers: These polymers are obtained either from plants or animals and are named plant polymers and anim

Sodium nitrate belongs to the family of compounds called salts, which are formed by uniting an acid (nitric in this instance) with a base (in this case sodium hydroxide). When sodium nitrate is combined with hydrochloric acid, an exchange reaction occurs, producing sodium chloride and nitric acid. The salt and nitric acid can be separated from each other and the two substances can be put to practical used. The Reaction: In the symbols of chemical terminology, the reaction may be written as, NaNO3 + HCl ---> NaCl + HNO3 This says that one molecule of sodium nitrate reacts with one molecule of hydrochloric acid to produce one molecule of sodium chloride and one molecule of nitric acid. Sodium Chloride: one of the reaction products, sodium chloride, is readily available in nature, so this reaction is not a particularly useful source for that substance. Purified sodium chloride is ordinary table salt and in its impure state( halite) is used for a variety of purposes, including( among ma

  Environmental chemistry  Environmental is the scientific study of the biochemical and chemical phenomena that occur in natural places.  It is a study that is more than air, water, soil, and CHEMICALS.  This field uses various techniques of genetics, biology, maths, hydrology, etc. Environmental chemists are responsible for finding how the unpolluted environment functions and finding ways of sustainable development that do not harm the environment. It also contains aspects of analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry as well as more diverse areas, such as epidemiology, public health, biochemistry, and toxicology. What is environmental chemistry used for? Environmental chemists study how chemicals enter and affect the air, water, and soil. These chemists often focus on issues related to environmental and human health. Many environmental and human health. Many environmental chemists collect water and soil samples from outdoor ecosystems and ana

  Chemistry of carbon compound: Carbon plays a very important role for all living beings. The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03% in the form of carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon in the earth's crust is merely 0.02% which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, coal, and petroleum. Compounds of Carbon: Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of electricity. The diamond and graphite both  are formed by carbon atoms; however,  the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another. In a diamond, each atom of the carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms and forms a rigid 3-dimensional structure.  In graphite, each atom of the carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array. There is a difference in some physical structures of diamond and graphite. Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is a smooth and slippery s

  1.Hydrocarbon: A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen. 2.Functional group: The part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical properties. 3.Aliphatic (Hydrocarbon): Carbon atom joined together in a straight or branched chain. 4.Alicyclic (Hydrocarbon): Carbon atom joined together in a ring (cyclic) structure. 5.Aromatic (Hydrocarbon): Some/ all of the carbon atoms are found in the benzene ring. 6.Molecular formula: The number and type of atom of each element present in a molecule. 7.Empirical formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. 8.Displayed formula: Shows the relative positioning of atoms in a molecule and the bond between them. 9.Structural formula: Shows the arrangement of atom in a molecule. 10.Structural isomer: A compound with the same molecular formula, but different structural formula.  11.Homolytic fission: When a covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the