The short description of chemistry of carbon compounds

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 Chemistry of carbon compound:

  • Carbon plays a very important role for all living beings.
  • The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03% in the form of carbon dioxide.
  • The amount of carbon in the earth's crust is merely 0.02% which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, coal, and petroleum.

Compounds of Carbon:

  • Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of electricity.
  • The diamond and graphite both are formed by carbon atoms; however,  the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another.
  • In a diamond, each atom of the carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms and forms a rigid 3-dimensional structure. 
  • In graphite, each atom of the carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array.
  • There is a difference in some physical structures of diamond and graphite.
  • Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is a smooth and slippery substance.
  • Graphite is a good conductor of electricity whereas diamond is not.
  • The compounds, which has an identical molecular formula, but different structures, are known as structural isomers.  
  • The saturated hydrocarbons are known as alkanes.
  • The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise one or more double bonds, are known as alkenes.
  • The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise one or more triple bonds, are known as alkyne. 

Use of alcohol as fuel:

  • Sugarcane plants very efficiently convert sunlight into chemical energy and its juice can be used to prepare molasses. 
  • When molasses is fermented, it produces alcohol (ethanol). 
  • Some of the countries now using alcohol as an additive in petrol, as it is a cleaner fuel. 
  • This alcohol, on burning insufficient air (oxygen), gives rise to only carbon dioxide and water. 

Ester:

  • Esters are sweet-smelling substances, which are most commonly formed by the reaction of an acid and an alcohol. 
  • When esters react in the presence of an acid or a base, it gives back the alcohol and carboxylic acid. 
  • The reaction of esters with an acid or a base is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap. 
  • The molecules of soap normally are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. 
  • Interestingly, the ionic end of soap dissolves in water whereas the carbon chain dissolves in oil. These typical features of the soap molecules form structures known as micelles.
  • In micelles, one end of the molecule is towards the oil droplet whereas the ionic-end dirt in water; likewise, the clothes get cleaned.
  • Detergents are customarily used to make shampoos and some other products for cleaning clothes.

Synthetic Fibres and Plastics:

  • The clothes that we wear are made up of fabrics and fabrics are made from fibers, which are obtained from natural or artificial sources. 
  • The natural sources of cotton, wool, silk, etc., are obtained from plants or animals. 
  • The synthetic fibers are made by human beings; therefore, these are synthetic or man-made fibers. 
  • Synthetic fiber is usually a chain of small unit those joined together; each small unit is a chemical substance. 

Types of Synthetic Fibers:

  • The artificial silk is usually known as Rayon. 
  • Rayon (fiber) was obtained by chemical treatment of wood pulp. 
  • The fiber, prepared from coal, water, and air, is known as Nylon. 
  • Nylon was the first fully synthetic fiber. 
  • Polyester is also a synthetic fiber; it is a wrinkle-free fiber. E.g.Terylene.
  • Plastic is also a sort of polymer-like synthetic fiber. 
  • A material, which gets decomposed through natural processes, e.g. Action by bacteria, known as biodegradable. 
  • Plastic is not environmentally friendly. 

Combustion and flame:

  • A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen and gives off heat is known as combustion.
  • The substance that undergoes combustion is called combustible or fuel. 
  • The fuel can be in the form of solid, liquid, or gas
  • During the combustion, light is also given off either in the form of flame or as a glow. 
  • The substances which vaporize during the burning time give flames.
  • There are 3 different zones a flame dark zone, luminous zone, and non-luminous zone. 
  • Different substances catch fire at different temperatures.
  • The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is known as its ignition temperature.
  • A match contains antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorates.
  • The rubbing surface of the match contains powdered glass and little red phosphorus  
  • Red phosphorus is much less dangerous.
  • The substances, which have very low ignition temperature and can easily catch fire with a flame, are known as inflammable substances. e.g. alcohol, petrol, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), etc.

Fire Extinguisher: 

  • Water is the most common fire extinguisher, works only when things like wood and paper are on fire.
  • Water as a fire extinguisher works only when things like wood and paper are on fire.
  • Water is also not a good extinguisher for fires involving oil and petrol.
  • phosphorus burns in the air at room temperature.
  • Combustion of most fuel releases carbon dioxide in the environment.
  • Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is most likely causes Global warming.
  • Oxide of sulfur and nitrogen dissolve in rainwater and form acids; such type of rain is known as Acid rain.

Alloys:   

There are hundreds of alloys that contain carbon. The most common of these alloys are steel, sometimes called 'carbon steel'. All kinds of steel contain some amount of carbon, by definition and all ferrous alloys contain some carbon. 
Some other common alloys that are based on iron and carbon include anthracite iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. 

CARBON ALLOYS:
Several alloys contain carbon, including steel and cast iron. 'Pure ' metal may be smelted using coke, which causes them to also contain carbon. E.g. include aluminum, zinc, and chromium. 

Names of Carbon compounds:

Certain classes of compounds have names that indicates their composition. 
  • CARBIDES: Carbides are binary compounds formed by carbon and another element with a lower electronegativity. E.g. Include Tic, WC. 
  • CARBON HALIDES: Carbon halides consist of carbon bonded to a halogen. E.g. Include carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetraiodide. 
  • CARBORANES: A carborane is a cluster composed of boron and carbon atoms. 


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