Chemistry of Water, structure of water

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Water: Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The name water typically refers to the liquid state of the compound. The solid phase is known as ice and the gas phase is called steam. Under certain conditions, water also forms a supercritical fluid.


source: Internet

 



Chemical properties of water:

In chemistry, positive and negative electrical charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. The negative ends of dipolar water molecules are attracted to molecules and atoms with positive charges, and vice versa.
In liquid water, there is some self dissociation giving hydronium ions & hydroxide ions.Pure water is flavorlees and odourless.
Water is the main compound found in living organisms. Approximately 62 percent of the human body is water.
  • Surface Tension, Heat of vapor Pressure.
  • The viscosity of cohesion.
  • Solid-state.
  • Liquid state.
  • Gas state.
  • Boiling Point and freezing point.

Why water is important to CHEMISTRY?
More important, the polarity of water is responsible for effectively dissolving other polar molecules, such as sugars, and ionic compounds such as salt. Ionic compound dissolves in water to form ions. Because water is able to dissolve so many common substances, it is known as the universal solvent.

Interactions of water:

Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic 
1. Literally means 'water-fearing'
2. Will repel water
3 Disperse into fats (oily or greasy substances) i.e. oil and water do not mix.

Water as a Solvent:

1. Water is an excellent solvent because of it's strongly polar molecular arrangement.
2. Hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) substances readily dizzolve in water.
  • Because the polar ends of the molecules are attracted to ( and pulled apart by the charged ends of the H2O molecule
  • i.e. salt ( NaCl) dissolves easily in water to become Na+ and Cl-

Why Water is known as the universal solvent?

Water is called as the universal solvent because more substances dissolves in water than any other chemical. This has to do with the polarity of each water molecule. The hydrogen side of each water (H2O) molecule carries a slight positive electric charge,while the oxygen side carries a slight negative electric charge. This help water dissociate ionic compound is attracted to the oxygen side of water while the negative portion of the compound is attracted to the hydrogen side of the water.

Structure of water:

The water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and linked by a single chemical bond to oxygen atom. Water has two isotopic forms, deuterium and tritium, in which the atomic nuclei also contain one and two neutrons respectively. Dueterium oxide is also called heavy water.
 

pH  of water:

The pH of the feed water measures the acidity or basicity. A pH of 7.0 is considered neutral. A pH between 0.0 and 7.0 is acidic. A pH between 7.0 and 14.0 is basic. To the water chemist, pH is important in defining the alkalinity equilibrium level of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide ions. pH can be defined by:
pH = -log [H+]

Hardness of water:

The hardness of a water is a measure of the concentration of the multivalent cations (positively charged particles) in the water, but primarily it is equivalent to the calcium and magnesium concentration of the water. Hardness is typically reported as mg/ L as. CaCO3 calcium carbonate.


What are the types of water in chemistry?

WATER molecules exist in two forms: Different, but with almost identical physical parameters. Researchers refer to these two forms as ortho-water  and para water. Now, anew study has mapped their different properties.
















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