Carbon: An important element

Allotropy- 

some elements occur in nature more than one form. The chemical properties of these different forms are the same but their physical properties are different. This property of the elements is called allotropy. 

Allotropes of carbon: The element carbon is available abundantly in nature and occurs in free as well as in a combined state. 

1. Symbol of carbon-C

2. Atomic number -6

3. Atomic mass -12

4. Electron configuration- 2,4

5. Valency -4

6. Non-metallic element

Compounds obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals are called organic compounds and compounds obtained from minerals are called inorgani uuc compounds. All the organic compounds contain carbon. Carbon is the main element even in cellular DNA and RNA that transfer hidden characteristics from one generation to the next.

Occurrence of carbon-

The name carbon is derived from the Latin word 'carbo' meaning coal. Carbon is found in nature in a free as well as compound state carbon in the state is found like a diamond and graphite and in the gum b state in the following compounds.

1. As a carbon dioxide and in the form of carbonates such as calcium carbonate, marble calamine(ZnCO3)

2. Fossil fuel- coal petroleum natural gas

3. Carbonaceous nutrients- carbohydrates protein fats.

4. Natural fibers- cotton, wool, silk.

Properties of carbon-

Allotropic nature of carbon-

1. Crystalline forms

The crystalline form has a regular and definite arrangement of atoms

They have high melting points and boiling points

The crystalline form has definite geometrical shape sharp edges and print services carbon has three crystalline allotropes.

2. Diamond:

Diamond found in India mainly in Golconda Karnataka and Panna Madhya Pradesh  diamonds are also found in South Africa Brazil Belgium Russia and America 

Structure in diamond every carbon atom is a bounded four neighboring atoms by covalent bonds, therefore, diamond has a tetragonal three-dimensional structure which makes it very hard.

Properties

1. Brilliant and pure diamond is the hardest natural substance.
2. The density of a diamond is 3.5 g/ cm3.
3. The melting point of the diamond is 3500°C.
4. When a diamond is heated at 800°C in the presence of oxygen CO2 is given away in this process no other product besides CO2 is formed.
5. Diamond does not easily in any solvent.
6. Airfare databases Hanoi if you don't know a diamond.
7. Daemon isabella conducted electricity jazz it does not have free electrons.

Uses-    

1. Diamonds are used in glass cutting and rock drilling machines.
2. Diamonds are used in ornaments.
3. Diamonds knives are used in eye surgery.
4. Diamond dust is used to make windows giving protection from radiation in space and in artificial satellites.

Graphite:

Graphite is found in the natural state in Russia, New Zealand, America, and India. The lead used in pencil is made by mixing graphite with clay. This process was discovered by Nicolas Jacque conte in 1795.

Structure

Every carbon atom in graphite is bonded to three other carbon atoms in such a way that a hexagonal layered structure is formed. A graphite crystal is made of many sheets or layered carbon atoms. these layers slip over each other on applying pressure. One layer of graphite is called graphene.

properties of graphite: 

1. Graphite found in nature is black, soft, brittle, and slippery.
2. Inside each layer of graphite, free electrons move continuously within the entire layer that is why graphite is a good conductor of electricity. 
3. Due to layered structure, graphite can be used for writing on paper.
4. The density of graphite is 1.9 to 2.3 g/cm3
5. It does not dissolve in most solvent.
6. Graphite is used in arc lamps which give a very bright light.

Fullerene:

Fullerene, an allotrope of carbon, rarely found in nature. It is found in soot and in instellar space.

The first example of fullerene is buckiminister sterfullerene ( C60). This allotrope of carbon is named fullerene after the architect Richard Buckiminister fuller because of the geodesic dome he designed. Harold krato, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley were given the Noble prize in chemistry 1996 for the discovery of this carbon allotrope, fullerene. C60.