The Chemistry of Carbon Compounds

Organic Nano chemistry:  Organic Nano chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies organic reactions involving chemical synthesis of drugs, polymers and natural products which also includes the study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory. Nano materials: Nano materials are single unit sized , which can be described by the principle of 1 to100 nm of Nano scale or 1 to 10-9 meters. When scientists observed the different variations in materials he gave the Nano as a prefix to the Nano chemistry. Several chemical modifications on nanometer scale structure, approves effects of being size dependent. Nanoscale material: Nanoscale materials are also known as nanoscopic scale, which is lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for most solids. These usually refer to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology, these materials where at least one relevant length scale, within the range of nanometers ranges from 1-100 nanometers.  These materials usually have v

Structure and bonding in metals: Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. The electrons from the outer shell of the metal atoms are delocalised and are free to move through the whole structure. This sharing of Delocalised electrons results in a strong metallic bond. Metallic bond:  Metallic bonds formed when the charge is spread over a large distance as compared to the size of a single item in a solids. Mostly in the periodic table, left elements form metallic bonds, for example zinc and copper. Because metals are solid, their atoms are tightly packed in a regular arrangement. They are so close to each other so valence electrons can be moved away from their atoms. A sea of free, Delocalised electron is formed surrounding a lattice of positively charged metal ions.These ions are held by strong attractive forces to mobile electrons,in this way, metallic bonds are formed. Structure of metals: The three most common crystalline structures in metals are face

  Definitions and concepts for IGCSE chemistry: Acids bases and salts: 1. Acid : A chemical which can neutralize bases and will turn both litmus and methyl orange red. Acids will react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen and will react with carbonates to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide. Acids are proton donors. 2. Amphoteric : Able to act as an acid and a base. 3. Anion : A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains at least one electron. 4. Base : A chemical which reacts with acids in neutralization reactions and will turn litmus blue and methyl orange yellow. Bases react with ammonium salts to produce salt, ammonia gas and water. Bases are proton acceptors. 5. Cation : A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses at least one electron. 6. Crystallization : A separation technique to soluble solids from solutions. The process involves heating the solution until crystals start to form, leaving the solution to cool and then filtering the formed crystals from the

Allotropy -  some elements occur in nature more than one form. The chemical properties of these different forms are the same but their physical properties are different. This property of the elements is called allotropy.  Allotropes of carbon : The element carbon is available abundantly in nature and occurs in free as well as in a combined state.  1. Symbol of carbon-C 2. Atomic number -6 3. Atomic mass -12 4. Electron configuration- 2,4 5. Valency -4 6. Non-metallic element Compounds obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals are called organic compounds and compounds obtained from minerals are called inorgani uuc compounds. All the organic compounds contain carbon. Carbon is the main element even in cellular DNA and RNA that transfer hidden characteristics from one generation to the next. Occurrence of carbon - The name carbon is derived from the Latin word 'carbo' meaning coal. Carbon is found in nature in a free as well as compound state carbon in t

Source: Internet Earth was born about 4.5 billion years ago. Various formative processes have been taking in the core of the earth and it's surroundings  since its creation today. These have resulted in the formation of various ores, liquids and gases.  Physical properties of metals: Metal exist mainly in solid state. The metals namely, Mercury and gallium exist in liquid state at room temperature. Metals posses luster. The metallic luster goes on decreasing due to exposure to atmospheric oxygen and moisture and also in presence of some reactive gases. We know that metals have the properties namely, ductility and malleability. Similarly, all metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Generally, all metals are hard. However, the alkali metal from group 1 such as lithium, sodium and potassium are exceptions. These metals can be cut with knife as they are very soft. Metals have high melting and boiling points. For example, tungsten metal has the highest melting point (3422°C

  A living system grows, sustain and reproduces itself. The most amazing things about a living system is that it is composed of non-living atoms and molecules. The pursuit of knowledge of what goes on chemically within a living system falls in the domain of biochemistry. Living systems are made up of various complex bio-molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. Proteins and essential constituents of our food. These bio-molecules interact with each other and constitute the molecular logic of life vitamins and mineral salts also play an important role in the functions of organisms.  Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plats and form a very large group of naturally occurring organic compounds. Some common examples are cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc. Most of them have a general formula, CX(H2O)y, and were considered as hydrates of carbon from where the name carbohydrates was derived. For e.g.the C6(H2O)6. But all the compounds which fit into