The Chemistry of Carbon Compounds

  Fertilizer: A fertilizer is any material of natural synthesis origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of NITROGEN fertilizers has been a crucial component of the increased productivity of conventional food systems.   Different types of fertilizers: Organic and inorganic fertilizers Nitrogen fertilizers Phosphate fertilizers Potassium fertilizers fertilizer forms Organic and inorganic fertilizers: Organic fertilizers are made from natural and organic materials-mainly compost, or other animal and plant products. These fertilizers are a great source of nutrients, though there isn't a measurable amount of any specific nutrients-some bags will print estimate. Organic fertilizers tend to work slowly and over the long term. It can help to build up your soil over time. One of the best benefits of organic fertilizers is that can be made at home. By usin

Water : Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The name water typically refers to the liquid state of the compound. The solid phase is known as ice and the gas phase is called steam. Under certain conditions, water also forms a supercritical fluid. source: Internet   Chemical properties of water: In chemistry, positive and negative electrical charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. The negative ends of dipolar water molecules are attracted to molecules and atoms with positive charges, and vice versa. In liquid water, there is some self dissociation giving hydronium ions & hydroxide ions. Pure water is flavorlees and odourless. Water is the main compound found in living organisms. Approximately 62 percent of the human body is water. Surface Tension, Heat of vapor Pressure. The viscosity of cohesion. Solid-state. Liquid state. Gas state. Boiling Point and freezing point. Why water is important to CHEMISTRY? More important

The term food industries covers a series of industrial activities directed at the processing preparation, conversion, preservation and packaging of foodstuffs. It is challenging to find an inclusive way from all aspects of food production and sale.The food industry today has become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small,traditional that are highly labor intensive, to large and mechanized industrial processes.  Types of food industry: Major industries constituting the food processing industry are grains, sugar, beverages, dairy product and edible oil.The key sub-segments of the food processing industry in India are: Dairy, Fruits, and Vegetables, poultry and Meat processing.Food retail etc.  Role of Chemistry in food industry: Many of the chemicals found in a food occur naturally and include nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, fibre and a host of other elements and compounds. Chemical substances can play an important role in food production and prevention.

  Chemistry of carbon compound: Carbon plays a very important role for all living beings. The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03% in the form of carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon in the earth's crust is merely 0.02% which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, coal, and petroleum. Compounds of Carbon: Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of electricity. The diamond and graphite both  are formed by carbon atoms; however,  the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another. In a diamond, each atom of the carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms and forms a rigid 3-dimensional structure.  In graphite, each atom of the carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array. There is a difference in some physical structures of diamond and graphite. Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is a smooth and slippery s

CHEMISTRY is the science and study of matter, including its properties, composition as well as reactivity. Chemistry relates to everything that can be sensed from the minutes elements to complex structures. The atom and molecules are the Basic units or components of chemistry. Atom: All matter consists of particles known as an atom. Atoms bond to each other to form elements, which contain only one kind of atom. Atoms of different elements form compounds, molecules, and objects. Model of the atom: An atom is a building block of matter that can not be broken apart using any chemical means. The 3 parts of the atoms are protons (positively charged), neutrons (neutral charged), and electrons (negatively charged). Proton and neutron form the NUCLEUS . Electrons are attracted to the protons in the nucleus but are moving quickly they fall toward orbit rather than stick to protons. The identity of an atom is determined by it's no. of protons. This is also called its atomic number. PARTS OF

Alkanes are the simplest and the least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogen. They are commercially very important, for being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils are extensively employed in organic chemistry. In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3 hybridized with sigma bonds (either C-C or C-H), and each H-atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms ( in a C-H bond). The longest series of linked carbon atom in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton/ carbon backbone. The no. of carbon atom. The no.of carbon atoms may be considered as the size of alkane.  Methane: Methane (one carbon bonded to four hydrogens) is the simplest organic molecule. Methane The bonds point to the four corners of the tetrahedron, forming a 108.70-degree bond angle. The carbon atom and the hydrogen atoms within alkanes are connected by single covalent bonds. The number of carbon atoms within an alkane is the main determiner of an alkane.  Alkanes are a group of

  1.Hydrocarbon: A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen. 2.Functional group: The part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical properties. 3.Aliphatic (Hydrocarbon): Carbon atom joined together in a straight or branched chain. 4.Alicyclic (Hydrocarbon): Carbon atom joined together in a ring (cyclic) structure. 5.Aromatic (Hydrocarbon): Some/ all of the carbon atoms are found in the benzene ring. 6.Molecular formula: The number and type of atom of each element present in a molecule. 7.Empirical formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. 8.Displayed formula: Shows the relative positioning of atoms in a molecule and the bond between them. 9.Structural formula: Shows the arrangement of atom in a molecule. 10.Structural isomer: A compound with the same molecular formula, but different structural formula.  11.Homolytic fission: When a covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the