The Chemistry of Carbon Compounds

Analytical chemistry: Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify and quantify matter in practice separation identification for qualification main constituent the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separations isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes, while quantitative analysis determine the numerical amount or concentration. Analytical chemistry involves the following methods: The process of separation isolates the required chemical species which is to be analysed from a mixture. The concentration of the analyte in a given mixture can be determined with the method of quantitative analysis. The identification of the analyte substance is achieved via the method of qualitative analysis. The methods used to determine the identity and the quantity of the analytical chemistry can be broadly divided into classical and instrumental methods. 1.Classical methods: There exist many classical methods of checking for

What is metal plating? The plating process is a manufacturing process in which a thin layer of metal coats a substrate. Metal plating provides many benefits to products made from metal and other materials. This mostly achieved through electroplating, which requires an electric current, or through electroless plating, which is in the autocatalytic chemical process.  Benefits of plating: Improved corrosion resistance Decorative appeal Increased solderability Enhanced hardness  Reduced friction Enhanced paint adhesion Altered conductivity Increased magnetism material deposition Types of metal plating: Copper plating Copper is a popular plating metal for applications that require high conductivity and cost-efficiency. Copper plating often serves as a strike coating pretreatment for subsequent metal platings. It is a popular plating metal for electronics components such as printed circuit boards. High plating efficiency and low material cost make copper one of the less expensive metals to p

Gold:  source: Internet Gold is a chemical element. The symbol of gold is Au and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. In a pure form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and soil under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as grains, in rocks, in veins. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver, naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and also mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium(gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia ( a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silve

  Fertilizer: A fertilizer is any material of natural synthesis origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of NITROGEN fertilizers has been a crucial component of the increased productivity of conventional food systems.   Different types of fertilizers: Organic and inorganic fertilizers Nitrogen fertilizers Phosphate fertilizers Potassium fertilizers fertilizer forms Organic and inorganic fertilizers: Organic fertilizers are made from natural and organic materials-mainly compost, or other animal and plant products. These fertilizers are a great source of nutrients, though there isn't a measurable amount of any specific nutrients-some bags will print estimate. Organic fertilizers tend to work slowly and over the long term. It can help to build up your soil over time. One of the best benefits of organic fertilizers is that can be made at home. By usin

Water : Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The name water typically refers to the liquid state of the compound. The solid phase is known as ice and the gas phase is called steam. Under certain conditions, water also forms a supercritical fluid. source: Internet   Chemical properties of water: In chemistry, positive and negative electrical charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. The negative ends of dipolar water molecules are attracted to molecules and atoms with positive charges, and vice versa. In liquid water, there is some self dissociation giving hydronium ions & hydroxide ions. Pure water is flavorlees and odourless. Water is the main compound found in living organisms. Approximately 62 percent of the human body is water. Surface Tension, Heat of vapor Pressure. The viscosity of cohesion. Solid-state. Liquid state. Gas state. Boiling Point and freezing point. Why water is important to CHEMISTRY? More important

The term food industries covers a series of industrial activities directed at the processing preparation, conversion, preservation and packaging of foodstuffs. It is challenging to find an inclusive way from all aspects of food production and sale.The food industry today has become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small,traditional that are highly labor intensive, to large and mechanized industrial processes.  Types of food industry: Major industries constituting the food processing industry are grains, sugar, beverages, dairy product and edible oil.The key sub-segments of the food processing industry in India are: Dairy, Fruits, and Vegetables, poultry and Meat processing.Food retail etc.  Role of Chemistry in food industry: Many of the chemicals found in a food occur naturally and include nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, fibre and a host of other elements and compounds. Chemical substances can play an important role in food production and prevention.

  Chemistry of carbon compound: Carbon plays a very important role for all living beings. The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03% in the form of carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon in the earth's crust is merely 0.02% which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, coal, and petroleum. Compounds of Carbon: Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of electricity. The diamond and graphite both  are formed by carbon atoms; however,  the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another. In a diamond, each atom of the carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms and forms a rigid 3-dimensional structure.  In graphite, each atom of the carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array. There is a difference in some physical structures of diamond and graphite. Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is a smooth and slippery s